Archconfessions: Know the Exciting Tale of Bharat Bhavan Bhopal!

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Despite being designed by an award-winning architect, Ar. Charles Correa, Bharat Bhavan Bhopal, India’s very own cultural landmark, has a lot of myths around it. Some think it’s just for traditional art, while others say it’s hard to get to. Some others also worry that its semi-open design could cause shading and performance problems.

In contrast, we, architects, are simply awestruck at the way Mr. Correa managed to reduce the cut-fill, preserve the existing ecosystem and design a building that doesn’t overpower its site. So, how did Mr. Correa come up with all this stuff? What makes Bharat Bhavan such a big deal that every architect studies it? And what’s the deal with the services? Are those myths actually true?

Well, well, well! Take a chill pill! Today, we’re diving into Bharat Bhavan Bhopal case study! Infact, we’ll be checking out its cool features, area program, site plan, and more, straight from an architect. Let’s start, shall we? 

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Some Quick Details on Bharat Bhavan Bhopal You MUST Know

So, as we all know, Bharat Bhavan Bhopal was a key part of the Indian Government’s plan to set up art and craft hubs in every state capital.

And guess what? Ashok Vajpeyi, the then University of Education member, robbed in Ar. Charles Correa, the master of communicative spaces himself, for the project. Thanks to him, Bharat Bhavan shines as a symbol of modern & cultural India, even though the other states eventually lost their momentum & focused on commercialization instead.

So Bharat Bhavan, where Bharat means India & Bhavan means a home, draws parallels between traditional Indian architecture & the high-end European modernism. It’s basically all about ‘non-building’ architecture. Like, you barely see the entrance from the gate, like there’s nothing there. But as you walk down, you discover all the courts and terraces. Pretty cool, huh?

Personally, as an architect, I feel Correa’s choice to go with the land’s natural curves instead of resisting them is simply genius. The whole complex feels like it belongs there. Like, the terraces and courts fit right in & everything looks super cohesive.

Note: While I love how the Bharat Bhavan Bhopal keeps it real & unfiltered with its site, I’ve noticed some serious landscape issues during my frequent visits there. For example, the place gets swamped with grass, pests, and invasive plants, which can really mess things up and cause water leaks. We definitely need the right maintenance crew or just throw down some gravel or mulch to fight off those weeds.

Bharat Bhavan Charles Correa Site Study & Mapping

Bharat Bhavan lies up along the lower fringes of the Bhojtal, atop a hillside that slopes towards the lake. And eventually, the design follows the same transition. 

Like once a user enters the site, he has two options. Either move through all the built mass (performance rooms, exhibit foyers, etc.) or transition through the naturally sloping courts. Either option takes the visitor down from a pedestrian spine to a series of viewing & performance areas overlooking the deck.

Bharat Bhavan Site Response & Peculiarities

Here are some more Bharat Bhavan Bhopal site details that’ll help architects analyze the structure better:

• Contours: As you all see, Bharat Bhavan has a gently sloping site, with the maximum contour elevation at 534m. From this point, the site slopes down to 514m gradually, and the lake lies a little below that, at 510m. Moreover, there are natural 1M contour intervals on site. These allowed Correa to create a series of stepped terraces to reduce cut & fill drastically.
• Climate: Despite being in the central plain area, Bhopal falls in the hot & arid climate zone, with temperatures soaring to as high as 40°C in the summers. Hence, Bharat Bhavan Bhopal uses a mix of thick red sandstone walls, courtyards & water features to generate a cool, humid microclimate on site.
• Rain & Precipitation: As IMD suggests, Bhopal receives an annual rainfall of 1101–1260.2 mm, enough to cause flash floods & pooling everywhere. But thankfully, Bharat Bhavan’s terraced design channels water away from the site & courts into the surrounding landscape. Yes, it does cause soil erosion at times, but the landscape officials do stock in some fresh soil for plants each year.
• Accessibility: Thankfully, this famous, cultural landmark is very well-connected by roads. Like, you have the main Kamla Path road, the Bharat Bhavan road & the Lake view road along the fringes. Even the Raja Bhoj airport, Nadira bus stand & Habibganj railway station, all fall under 12km. So, reaching the site isn’t an issue!
• Public Transport & Parking: To be honest, Bharat Bhavan doesn’t have its own special bus-stop or so. Of course, there are many autowalas that carry you from the main stations to the complex, but those are a bit pricey. Even the parking there is limited to about 50–60 vehicles, which isn’t enough during events.

Note: I’ve personally observed that the architect used minimal hard landscaping, sustainable yet non-porous materials & natural drainage – swales, rain gardens & ponds to preserve the Bhojtal’s ecosystem in the best way possible!

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What’s the Grid & Form of Bharat Bhavan Architecture Like? 

So, as you all can see, Bharat Bhavan doesn’t employ a rigid x by y grid system on its site. Instead, its base grid is more flexible & non-orthogonal, allowing for a more site-specific, organic & dynamic design.

Thus, there’s a clear site hierarchy with more public areas like courtyards & amphitheaters placed centrally, while private studios & offices lie along the structure’s periphery.

In contrast, the structural grid comprises a group of 4 columns at a distance of 2mtrs from each other. And Correa repeated this same module every 9 mtrs. This maintained the fluid circulation & visual continuity between the open-to-sky & angular, low-rise built mass.

Plus, as you see above, the building profile is quite simple. It has a series of terraces attached as per the column grid. Moreover, most of the built mass is grouped symmetrically along the sunken courtyards & varying plinths, just like the other typical Rajput architecture found in Bhopal.

The only exception is that of the auditorium, which has a bulbous RCC shell with a round skylight for light to enter & flood the space. I’ve noticed that this shape really helps with the acoustics and creates some cool diffused light effects, making the whole drama experience way more immersive.

Bharat Bhavan Charles Correa Site Distribution

So, as you see in the diagram below, Bharat Bhavan comprises a pretty sorted site plan consisting of a permanent museum, green rooms & auditoriums, exhibition space, workshop area, library, stores, etc. This built mass utilizes about 30-40% of the site area. However, the major chunk – over 50-60% is that of the landscaping area – courtyards, amphitheater, gardens, entry foyers, etc. The rest 10% falls under the circulation category with some internal pathways, passages, parking areas, vehicular & pedestrian access routes, etc.

Then as you step onto the site, you can either stroll through the courtyards or take a walk along the natural terraces – what Correa likes to call the ‘Ritualistic Pathway‘!

So, the ‘Ritualistic Pathway’ is nothing but a simple linear passage that leads the user from the outer courtyard to the main sanctum, as in Indian temples. But at Bharat Bhavan Bhopal, it’s more of a series of spaces that unfold sequentially, leading the user from the entry to the art center to the water backdrop via the site’s natural gradation. Trust me, it’s just like any other reflective or meditative experience.

The second option is way more straightforward! It just takes you through a bunch of steps and ramps that connect the three entry courts to the art galleries, auditorium, library, artist residences, and more, all the way to the water.

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Bharat Bhavan Site Configuration & Area Map

Besides these key elements, the Bharat Bhavan architecture also has the following other areas:

• Spaces dedicated to visual arts exhibitions, showcasing paintings, sculptures, and other artworks.
• An open-air theater for cultural performances and events, overlooking the Upper Lake.
• Areas for artists and artisans to create and conduct workshops
• A resource-rich library for literature, art references, and research materials
• Courtyards for informal gatherings, performances, and relaxation, connecting different parts of the complex.
• A space for dining and refreshments + guest accommodations for artists & scholars

However, it’s also important to note that Bharat Bhavan’s architecture & site plan still makes it tough for large-scale events & art exhibitions. 

One, parking here is a pain because it gets packed, and the traffic can be a total mess since it’s such a hot spot. And two, the design isn’t really universal. Like, special people still have a problem with the steps & steep ramps on site. 

Plus, since the site has multiple entries & exit points, security is a real problem and the guards really need to be on their toes at all times!

Fun Fact: Bharat Bhavan Bhopal has over 2 blocks of libraries with over 20,000 books. ‘Vagarth’ serves as a distinguished platform for Indian poetry across 17 languages, whereas ‘Anhad’ emphasizes audiovisual classical and folk art books.

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Bharat Bhavan Bhopal Site Plan

Just as we discussed above, Bharat Bhavan basically has a really simple & quadrangular site plan with a repetitive rectangular pattern as per the site contours. Some spots have entrances through sunken courtyards for a bit of shade and humidity, while other hangout areas sit on raised terraces, perfect for enjoying the cool evening breeze.

So basically, the site plan is pretty straightforward! The courtyards are the main attraction, kind of like that lone tree you see in Japanese gardens. From there, the other areas spread out towards the lake, almost like a maze. I also felt that some paths, especially around the auditorium & exhibition, are quite open & airy, while the others seem as cozy & compact as an internal village street.

Let’s look at some more site plan deets in the diagram below:

What Can Architects Learn From Bharat Bhavan’s Landscaping & Hardscape Techniques?

First, as architects, we can learn how the master architect, Ar. Charles Correa mimicked the look of his site’s already existing landscape on the built roof terraces. We need to understand that it’s not just the AC’s, but even green roofs that help combat heat, provide insulation and promote mental peace while being equally good for the planet.

Moreover, here’s a set of some more, personally-analysed landscaping points that makes Bharat Bhavan Bhopal the self-sufficient gem it truly is:

• Apart from the site’s landscape, even indoor green areas, i.e. the soft-scaped courtyards help reduce temperature, combat heat & increase humidity
• The landscape & lakefront itself provides a boho-chic, natural backdrop for the stage & amphitheater. Trust me, you don’t need any other stage decoration.
• The terraced gardens not only enhance the visual appeal, but also create a lot of informal spaces to learn & practice art.
• Addition of local & low-maintenance plants; no palms & orchids in Bharat Bhavan!
• Use of ground covers in courtyards; these blur the stark building edges and promote visual relaxation & better creativity in the artists & visitors.
• Although Bharat Bhavan doesn’t have any deliberately built water-features, you’ll see that the landscape literally opens up to lake Bhojtal as a backdrop.
• Pathways are more of exploration & discovery; they meander well along the grass hills & have blurred grass and stone boundaries for fluidity.
• Minimalist hardscaping – exposed retaining walls, seats and steps to avoid overpowering the existing landscape.
• Thoughtful landscape topiaries, installations & sculptures at points for more visitor interest & engagement.

Bharat Bhavan Bhopal Case Study – Material Board & Selection

The Bharat Bhavan Bhopal architecture basically uses a mix of local & natural Indian materials, mostly sandstone with durable RCC for more strength and durability. We also see a lot of RCC work in the western side of the complex, particularly where it was necessary to build the thermal mass against the cold westerly winds.

Here are a few details on the same:

• Precisely-cut ashlar red sandstone – 380mm wide with flemish bond brick work for the outer walls
• Simple 340mm wide RCC walls with a uniform, brushed plaster on both sides
• Use of dual, panel shutters for the entrances to the courtyards & terraces. In contrast, the inner shutters have a mix of glass & wood panels for more ventilation & brightness. The outer shutters, on the other hand, have thick block board doors for better security.
• A mix of luxurious textured marble & granite for the internal finishes
• A sturdy waffle or coffered slab to maximize the internal column free space
• Locally sourced red sandstone for the exterior facades, flooring, steps & pathways
• Non-porous Kota stone & Terracotta for the internal flooring, particularly in the galleries & exhibition spaces
• The circulation spaces have a rough flagstone flooring with a 600mm gap to grow grass
• The terrace has a 250mm brickbat cement mortar coating with 170mm mud layer to grow the lawn.

Which Are the Different Areas That Make Bharat Bhavan the True Architectural Gem It Is? 

1. Roopankar or Permanent Museum

So, the Roopankar is the only art museum in India that exhibits tribal art, contemporary art & urban art all in the same space. It’s basically a simple, white concrete structure with some Italian fiberglass panels, Kotah floors & a gray, exposed concrete, waffle slab roof. 

What’s So Special about the Roopankar Art Museum? The Roopankar museum has a mix of fixed & flexible wall systems, which ensure that the gallery adapts to different exhibit needs & installations rightly. Plus, the walls are all white, so they don’t distract from the artwork on display.

Note: Despite being crude & column-free on most expanses, today, most artists feel a bit intimidated by the coffered slab. They feel that the ceiling overpowers the painting / sculpture and needs artificial lighting for focus.

2. The Tribal Art Gallery 

Bharat Bhavan’s tribal gallery is a basically an extension of the Roopankar, with the same architectural fabric – waffle slabs, flexible walls, and solid backdrops. It’s just that it’s located a bit away from the modern & urban art exhibit space for better transition.

What are the Characteristics of the Tribal Art Gallery? So the tribal art gallery is basically designed on a human, not-so-grand scale to make it comforting for small, rural communities. Moreover, the red sandstone & brick work creates a rustic and earthy feeling as in typical Indian villages.

Image ©Suyash Dwivedi under the CC 4.0 license (No Changes Made)

The Bharat Bhavan Bhopal AuditoriumBharat Bhavan has three auditoriums – ‘Antarang,’ ‘Abhirang,’ and ‘Bahirang.’ 
Basically, Antarang is an indoor auditorium with a 100 people seating each on three sides. There are no aisles, no seats, and the seating and circulation falls on the same thread. Abhirang, on the other hand, is a small, 100-people auditorium with AC compressor fans, sound & electronic systems.

Bahirang, the third auditorium, is a chill open-air amphitheater that holds up to 1000 people. It’s got basic red sandstone steps and a versatile stage perfect for plays, lectures, and casual hangouts. Plus, with the beautiful Bhojtal right behind it, it gets a stunning water backdrop without any extra decor.

Note: Despite using the best architectural & tech practices from the 1980s, the Bharat Bhavan now needs significant updates to avoid short circuits. The auditorium, for example, is packed with electrical gear like bulbs and speakers that heat up and could catch fire if they’re on too long. Plus, there are no foam sprinklers to help out.

What’s So Special About Bharat Bhavan’s Section? 

I personally feel that Bharat Bhavan Bhopal’s section is all about blending in well with the proposed site. Like, the buildings are low-rise, they sync well with the contours, they don’t overpower the skyline, nor do they rise above the highest point on site.

Plus, Correa has eventually made it a hide & seek game of the lights & shadows. Like all the roof terraces, overhangs & courtyards offer controlled natural light & shade during the day and enough ventilation at night. 

Also, the section shows a real transition between the grand & open to the small & introspective, which really is necessary to understand & appreciate art. Below are a few more Bharat Bhavan, Charles Correa section details you can’t miss:

Are There Any External Services Present at Bharat Bhavan?

Since Bharat Bhavan is a complex cultural hub with all exhibition spaces, art galleries and much more, it obviously has lighting, sound & fire-fighting services. Following are a few details on them:

1. Natural & Artificial Lighting

As we discussed above, the Bharat Bhavan Bhopal architecture really has natural lighting as the center core. Like, you see natural light coming from the open courts, skylights, large windows, everywhere. Even the courtyard & terrace-side doors have tough, fixed glass panels to let in more light. 

Moreover, Correa has also designed unique skylights with recessed Italian fiberglass panels to amplify natural light in the performance areas.

Note: Though Bharat Bhavan enjoys adequate natural light throughout the day, it still has some provisions for recessed light, spotlights & track lights for the night events & displays.

2. Electricity at the Bhavan

Bharat Bhavan has a centralized electricity system that efficiently delivers electricity to various parts of the building, including galleries, performance spaces, offices, and public areas. The conduits for the same were pre-cut in the waffle slab. Similarly, the AC compressors, fans & units are placed on the terraces of respective theaters.

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Conclusion

So as we saw, architects can definitely learn how to balance site preservation & contemporary expression through this Bharat Bhavan Bhopal case study. The ideas are simple – merge the structure into the site as much as possible, avoid altering the existing landscapes, use local plans, maximize natural energy & go with natural yet well-blended materials!

Have something more to add? Let’s discuss your thoughts and open up fresh perspectives! We’re all ears! Do contact us and let’s turn your architectural vision into a unique blog for all!

Also, it’s not only about cultural and art centers. You can build the same airy & community vibe even in residential buildings. Join us to learn how Safdie did it in Habitat 67.

External Resources

• https://bharatbhawan.org/
• https://charlescorreafoundation.org/2022/02/23/bharat-bhavan/
• Correa, Charles. “A Place in the Sun”. In A Place in the Shade: The New Landscape and Other Essays. Hatje Cantz: Ostfildern, 2012. p.19

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About the Author:

Ar. Ruchika Deshpande

Sr. Content Writer & Strategist at Archwhispers | ar.ruchikadeshpande@gmail.com | + posts

I'm an architectural storyteller with a passion for demystifying design. For over 5 years, I've been using SEO expertise to create content that not only informs but inspires. Imagine: complex concepts broken down into bite-sized pieces, designer insights made accessible, and architectural details explained in everyday language. That's what I bring to the table.

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